October 09, 2009
Defections from US Chamber Over Climate Change Continue
by Robert Kropp
Apple resigns from Chamber effective immediately, and Nike resigns from Chamber Board of Directors
while continuing to evaluate its membership.
SocialFunds.com --
In his 2000 book, Malcolm
Gladwell defined a tipping point as the "one dramatic moment in an epidemic when everything can
change all at once." Appropriating a term from the medical vocabulary, he applied it to ideas
which, when they have gained a certain momentum, can spread throughout a culture and lead to a
lasting evolution in theory and practice.
Three years after Al Gore shared the Nobel Peace
Prize with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), has corporate America finally come around to acknowledging the realities of
climate change that, according to the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report
(AR4), are more dire than earlier predictions? The report, published in 2007, concluded that
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be reduced by 80-95% by 2050 if the most dangerous effects of
climate change climate change are to be avoided.
There are signs that as the world
prepares to turn its attention to the United Nations
Climate Change Conference (COP15) in December, many corporations headquartered in the US are
beginning to adopt more public stances in favor of climate change regulation. Positions on climate
change that have been publicly advocated by shareowner activists for years, which many corporations
have too often dismissed as extra-financial considerations, have finally reached the tipping point
at which some of those same corporations now embrace the necessity of mitigating climate change.
The shift in corporate priorities can be clearly seen in the recent very public
disagreements between many powerful companies and the influential trade associations that purport
to represent them. Defections from the American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE), the
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), and the US Chamber of Commerce are growing in number,
as companies advocating for effective climate change legislation increasingly find themselves at
odds with the opposition to such legislation from the trade associations.
The Chamber has
been especially vocal in its opposition to the regulatory actions on climate change proposed by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Bill
Kovacs, its senior vice president for environment, technology and regulatory affairs, called for
"the Scopes monkey trial of the 21st century," in which the science of climate change could be
debated. Although Kovacs eventually retreated from his analogy, the Chamber did petition the EPA to
hold public hearings on the validity of climate science.
In the aftermath of the widely
disseminated remarks on climate change by Chamber executives, Green Century Capital Management, an investment advisory
firm focused on environmentally responsible investing, sent a letter to Nike. Observing that Nike
is a member of Business for Innovative Climate
and Energy Policy (BICEP), a coalition of companies that supports climate change legislation,
Kristina Curtis, President of the Green Century Equity Fund, wrote, "The time for action on climate
change is now. We hope Nike can step up to the plate and be a hero in leading companies on the
climate issue by terminating its membership in the US Chamber of Commerce."
SocialFunds.com spoke with Emily Stone, Shareholder Advocate at Green Century, who said, "Nike
helped to found BICEP, and is such an important brand in this country. Its continuing membership in
the Chamber is a question of brand risk as well as doing the right thing."
On September
30, Nike resigned from its position on the Board of Directors of the Chamber, stating that it
"fundamentally disagrees with the US Chamber of Commerce on the issue of climate change and their
recent action challenging the EPA is inconsistent with our view that climate change is an issue in
need of urgent action."
Before Nike's resignation from the Board, the latter claimed 122
corporate members. Interestingly, given the Chamber's outspoken opposition to regulatory action on
climate change, only four Board members publicly agree with the Chamber's position, according to
the Natural Resources Defense Council
(NRDC). Of the 23 Board members that have made public their positions on climate changes, 19
support such regulations as those proposed by the EPA.
Following Nike's resignation from
the Chamber Board, Green Century sent another letter, commending Nike for its "efforts to distance
your company known for its environmental leadership from the Chamber�s efforts to undermine
effective climate legislation." However, the letter continued, "We are disappointed that Nike has
not taken a stronger, more proactive response to address the clear misalignment between its
positions and those of the Chamber on climate change." The letter concluded, "We continue to
encourage the company to 'Just Do It' and fully withdraw from the Chamber of Commerce."
Stone told SocialFunds.com, "We do commend Nike for its resignation from the Chamber Board, but
we do continue to pressure them to protect their sustainability reputation by resigning from the
Chamber completely."
Then, on October 5, Apple did Nike one better by leaving the Chamber
immediately, a decision that it said was effective immediately. In the letter to the Chamber,
Catherine Novelli, Apple's Vice President of Worldwide Government Affairs, wrote, "We strongly
object to the Chamber's recent comments opposing the EPA's efforts to limit greenhouse gases."
The letter continued, "Apple supports regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and it is
frustrating to find the Chamber at odds with us in this effort."
In the past, Apple has
had well-publicized differences with environmentalists over the quality of its reporting of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In a June conversation with SocialFunds.com that followed the 2009
proxy voting season, Conrad MacKerron, the Director of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Program at As You Sow, described a shareowner
resolution filed with Apple, asking the company to improve its reporting to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) on GHG emissions by
measuring aggregate levels, instead of reporting on a product-by-product basis.
"Apple's
emissions data is very poor," MacKerron said in June. "Even with Al Gore sitting on its Board of
Directors, Apple is not doing world-class reporting on GHG emissions, while its peers seem to have
no trouble doing so." The first-year resolution won 8% of shareowners' votes.
Recently,
As You Sow commended Apple for responding to the resolution by markedly improving its GHG emissions
reporting.
The Chamber quickly struck back at Apple's highly publicized departure. Chamber
President Thomas Donohue said in a letter to Apple, "It is unfortunate that your company didn't
take the time to understand the chamber's position on climate and forfeited the opportunity to
advance a 21st century approach to climate change." Donohue went on to say that Senate passage of
legislation similar to the Waxman-Markey climate change bill, which passed the US House of
Representatives in June, "will cause Americans to lose their jobs and shift greenhouse-gas
emissions overseas, negating potential climate benefits."
But without a significant
reversal in the Chamber's position on climate change, it is likely that defections will continue,
as influential organizations continue to press companies whose publicly stated positions on climate
change are misaligned with those of such associations as the Chamber, NAM, and ACCCE.
In
May, the Center for Political
Accountability (CPA) identified 25 companies that sit on the board of the Chamber and/ or NAM
but also belong toCeres, BICEP, the United States Climate Action Partnership (USCAP),
or the Pew Center's Business
Environmental Leadership Council (BELC). In a letter that noted Duke Energy's resignation from
NAM in May (the company left the ACCCE is September, but remains on the Board of the Chamber), the
CPA told the 25 companies, "Alignment of values and positions between companies and the
associations they support can positively impact a company�s reputation and avoid serious questions
about management�s business judgment."
"We are writing to urge your company to respond to
the risks by bringing your company�s political spending into alignment with its values and publicly
stated policies and positions on climate change," the letter said.
Bruce Freed, President
of the CPA, describes it as "an organization that focuses on corporate political spending,
including lobbying and payments for trade association memberships. We are working on handbook
describing best practices for corporate disclosure of political spending activities and the risk
associated with misalignment between a company's policies and the polices of trade associations of
which it is a member."
In a followup letter sent in June, the CPA wrote that it is
"essential to assure that the company is not funding its opponents and undermining its interests
through its trade association payments."
In addition to Nike and Duke Energy, the
companies contacted by the CPA included IBM, PepsiCo, Dow Chemical, and Johnson & Johnson.
Freed told SocialFunds.com, "We wrote to 25 companies, heard back from 18, and entered into
discussions with 10. We asked companies to request that trade groups refund the amount of corporate
membership dues used for lobbying against climate change legislation."
"There are very
practical reasons why companies are supporting climate change legislation," Freed continued, "And
the lobbying efforts by trade associations against climate change legislation present a dilemma for
these companies."
According to the Center for Responsive Politics, a research group that tracks
the influence of money on elections and public policy, the Chamber spent more than $26 million on
lobbying efforts in the first seven months of 2009, far more than any other organization.
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